The influence of temperature on viscoelastic friction properties

Viscoelastic friction strongly depends on temperature, which determines the material stiffness and, therefore, given a constant load, the volume that is deformed and dissipates energy. We compare the results obtained by a numerical approach introduced by Carbone and Putignano (2013) [1] with measurements that separate viscoelastic losses from Coulomb contribution. This is done for a range of temperatures. We show that viscoelastic friction curves for different temperatures can be arranged into a single master curve using a frequency shift coefficient, which can be found from the characterization of the viscoelastic material response. This shows that it is possible to accurately (a) use dynamic material analysis data to extrapolate viscoelastic friction measurements to values outside the tested range, and (b) use a tribometer to obtain fundamental viscoelastic material properties

Series active variable geometry suspension application to comfort enhancement

This paper explores the potential of the Series Active Variable Geometry Suspension (SAVGS) for comfort and road holding enhancement. The SAVGS concept introduces significant nonlinearities associated with the rotation of the mechanical link that connects the chassis to the spring-damper unit. Although conventional linearization procedures implemented in multi-body software packages can deal with this configuration, they produce linear models of reduced applicability. To overcome this limitation, an alternative linearization approach based on energy conservation principles is proposed and successfully applied to one corner of the car, thus enabling the use of linear robust control techniques. An H∞ controller is synthesized for this simplified quarter-car linear model and tuned based on the singular value decomposition of the system's transfer matrix. The proposed control is thoroughly tested with one-corner and full-vehicle nonlinear multi-body models. In the SAVGS setup, the actuator appears in series with the passive spring-damper and therefore it would typically be categorized as a low bandwidth or slow active suspension. However, results presented in this paper for an SAVGS-retrofitted Grand Tourer show that this technology has the potential to also improve the high frequency suspension functions such as comfort and road holding

A computational efficient modelling of laminar separation bubbles

In predicting the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils operating at low Reynolds numbers, it is often important to account for the effects of laminar (transitional) separation bubbles. Previous approaches to the modelling of this viscous phenomenon range from fast but sometimes unreliable empirical correlations for the length of the bubble and the associated increase in momentum thickness, to more accurate but significantly slower displacement-thickness iteration methods employing inverse boundary-layer formulations in the separated regions. Since the penalty in computational time associated with the more general methods is unacceptable for airfoil design applications, use of an accurate yet computationally efficient model is highly desirable. To this end, a semi-empirical bubble model was developed and incorporated into the Eppler and Somers airfoil design and analysis program. The generality and the efficiency was achieved by successfully approximating the local viscous/inviscid interaction, the transition location, and the turbulent reattachment process within the framework of an integral boundary-layer method. Comparisons of the predicted aerodynamic characteristics with experimental measurements for several airfoils show excellent and consistent agreement for Reynolds numbers from 2,000,000 down to 100,000

A computationally efficient modelling of laminar separation bubbles

The goal is to accurately predict the characteristics of the laminar separation bubble and its effects on airfoil performance. Toward this end, a computational model of the separation bubble was developed and incorporated into the Eppler and Somers airfoil design and analysis program. Thus far, the focus of the research was limited to the development of a model which can accurately predict situations in which the interaction between the bubble and the inviscid velocity distribution is weak, the so-called short bubble. A summary of the research performed in the past nine months is presented. The bubble model in its present form is then described. Lastly, the performance of this model in predicting bubble characteristics is shown for a few cases

A computationally efficient modelling of laminar separation bubbles

In order to predict the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils operating at low Reynolds numbers, it is necessary to accurately account for the effects of laminar (transitional) separation bubbles. Generally, the greatest difficulty comes about when attempting to determine the increase in profile drag that results from the presence of separation bubbles. While a number of empirically based separation bubble models have been introduced in the past, the majority assume that the bubble development is fully predictable from upstream conditions. One way of accounting for laminar separation bubbles in airfoil design is the bubble analog used in the design and analysis program of Eppler and Somers. A locally interactive separation bubble model was developed and incorporated into the Eppler and Somers program. Although unable to account for strong interactions such as the large reduction in suction peak sometimes caused by leading edge bubbles, it is able to predict the increase in drag and the local alteration of the airfoil pressure distribution that is caused by bubbles occurring in the operational range which is of most interest

Antenatal Care Visits and Early Detection of Pre-eclampsia Among Pregnant Women

The death of pregnant women is still the world\u27s attention in the field of health. The SDG\u27s indicator provides one of the goals in the health field. The target to be achieved is a global maternal mortality ratio of less than 70/100,000 live births by 2030. According to WHO, preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal death in the world, including Indonesia. East Java Province with the highest ranking in Indonesia. One of the cities in East Java which is the leading contributor to preeclampsia is Surabaya with 16 cases in 2016. The government carries out the treatment to reduce maternal mortality due to preeclampsia through antenatal care. This study aimed to analyze antenatal care visits for early detection of preeclampsia. The method in this research is qualitative research method with data retrieval technique using in-depth interview. Based on the results of research antenatal care visits have an effect on early detection of preeclampsia. Pregnant women who regularly make antenatal visits can prevent possible dangers of pregnancy as early as possible. So the maternal mortality rate (MMR) due to pre-eclampsia can be decreased